Google’s Open Hand and Closed Fist
Paul Buchheit coined Google’s unofficial motto–“Don’t be evil”–early in the company’s existence. But Google has only been pushing the vague notion of “open” in the last few years. The notion is vague at least partly because it’s so all-encompassing and partly because of Google’s penchant for using it in whatever way is most convenient at the time. But that sword cuts both ways, as it makes it easy for Google’s critics to call the company out when they don’t live up to an equally vague standard. So, what exactly does Google mean by ‘open,’ and how open is Google?
Open
As laid out in this this blog post, Google refers to a couple of different things with the term: “open technology” and “open information.” Open technology, in turn, consists of: open source; and open standards and APIs. Google is unequivocally open on these two technology vectors with respect to certain products: Chrome, Chrome OS, Wave, Buzz, Pubsubhubbub, etc.[^1]
Closed
On others, they’re decidedly closed. Google’s search and advertising businesses are very opaque.[^2] Which is certainly understandable, since Google makes the vast majority of its money on search and ads. It can’t really be open with these because their entire business depends on them, and I think most reasonable people can understand that.
Many have also rightly criticized Google for its notoriously bad customer service, but I don’t think this qualifies as ‘closedness’ as much as poor execution. From what I understand, this opacity isn’t a result of any desire to keep secrets so much as an unwillingness to regard the problem as a non-engineering one and devote adequate human resources.
I’m not sure if Google’s level of secrecy in general is less or greater than the average large corporation, but my sense is that it’s not. It’s a little beside the point, anyway, because this isn’t one of the things Google refers to when it claims to be open.
Android
The venue in which Google has taken the most criticism, Android, is a complex and ambiguous one. There are several vectors of criticism here, too. Part of the problem is that there are two distinct parts to Android. There is the completely open source part, the source code to which is available to anyone who wants to download it and run on any device they feel like.[^3] Then there’s the ‘Google experience’ Android that ships with Google’s closed source apps: Market, Gmail, Maps, Navigation, and Voice; and only with explicit approval from Google. For clarity, I’ll refer to them as AOSP (for Android Open Source Project, as its generally referred to in open source circles) and Android, respectively.
AOSP
AOSP has taken some heat from the Open Source Software (OSS) community for two reasons. First, there’s been some discussion of Google possibly violating the GPL license, but there’s mostly disagreement on the topic and, from what I gather, even if true it’s a borderline violation. Second is AOSP’s somewhat unconventional operation. Unlike most OSS projects, even other Google ones like Chrome and Chrome OS, Google develops most of the software internally with little to no transparency or input from the community, only periodically dumping the releases into the public. This has been the Android team’s modus operandi since the beginning. In this respect, Google is more closed with AOSP than most OSS projects, even other Google ones. With Honeycomb, the latest version of Android, this has gotten even worse. The delay between Google’s release of the source code to its partners and its release to the public is the longest to date.
But let’s put this into perspective by considering the total spectrum of open to closed. From this vantage, the difference in openness between AOSP and other OSS projects is basically neglibile compared to the difference in openness between AOSP and any other major player in the industry. Because there are no other OSS mobile operating systems.[^4] So is Google open with AOSP? I would say yes, even at its most closed.
Developers
Another vector within Android is in relation to developers. Here, Android as a whole is as open as it gets. The Android Market is available to anyone who wants to develop for it.[^5] Developers can use any tools they want. And app distribution isn’t even restricted to the Market; i.e. you can install any compatible app from any source, including simple internet downloads. Amazon has even released their own app store for Android.
Consumers
A third vector is in relation to consumers. Here, again, Android is completely open. On the devices that Google was directly involved with, like the original G1, the original Droid, and Google’s flagship Nexus devices, the hardware is unlocked and root access is readily available, which means you can install third party mods or ROMs, i.e. custom modifications to the operating system. Some of these third party mods, like CyanogenMod, have an active, thriving open source development community, and are adding features faster than Android proper.
Manufacturers and Carriers
The caveat here, of course, is that the majority of handsets are locked down by the manufacturers, probably at least in part at the behest of carriers.[^6] And so here we come to a vector on which Google is not completely open. Google’s policies toward vendors in the early days of Android were quite open. And the vendors took full advantage, by locking down the hardware and adding extensive user interface customizations on top of stock Android in an effort to differentiate their brands. They also began to pre-install apps that you couldn’t uninstall. It even extended to such liberties as making Bing the default search engine with no option to switch. The result was a fragmented Android ecosystem as well as a generally poorer experience for the end user.
But Google is increasingly using control of its closed source application suite and access to the Android Market to exert pressure on the manufacturers and carriers away from these practices. Some of the details that came out of the Skyhook[^7] trial even indicate that Google now requires explicit approval over each model before it ships.
So what we see here is Google stuck between opposing vectors: open to consumers vs. open to vendors. It can’t be completely open to both. They seem increasingly to be choosing openness for consumers, which necessarily means being more closed with the vendors. So is Google being less open in some ways with Android? Yes. Do I care? Not a single iota, because it means they’re being more open along a different, more important vector. In fact, I encourage it.
Mostly Open
So is Google perfectly open in every way? Of course not. But overall, if we can consider openness on a spectrum, then, yes, they are more open by a ridiculous margin than any of their competitors in any business except search and advertising. In that business they are exactly as open as everyone else (which is to say: not at all). Is that enough to legitimately claim to be ‘open’ as a PR/marketing tactic? I say yes. I obviously think there’s a lot of nuance that they elide over, but I don’t think it’s ultimately disingenous. I would appreciate if they addressed this nuance more, but I have no idea if it would be practical. (Because does the general public know or care about any of this? Probably not. Of the people who do care, will any of them be swayed? Seems unlikely.)
“Don’t be evil.”
So, is Google open out of moral sentiment or out of self-interest? Well, here’s what’s special about the company: both. Google has managed to invent a business model wherein their incentives align with consumers’. Their promotion of an open, decentralized, interoperable Web accessed through commoditized (maximally available) hardware and software serves Google and the world at large simultaneously. It also sidesteps the adversarial nature of selling things to customers. And despite what I think is a fundamental conflict, Google does this by making advertising useful.
Are there also some incentives that are bad? Yes. Google has a strong incentive to collect data. This is mitigated by their need to keep their user base happy. Which means they have to weigh data collection against privacy intrusion. But the incentive exists. How is Google doing on this front? Not perfectly, but certainly better than others, and certainly not as bad as they could probably get away with without getting in trouble with the general public.
And I think this is where the company’s moral founding principles emerge. “Don’t be evil” may be glib and too broad by far. It may lack the nuance to address some real issues. But it propagates, in a blunt way, from the founders and leadership down into important decision-making, recruiting, etc. Google has made compromises, certainly. The partnership with Verizon on net neutrality and its complex history in China are the two examples that dismayed me the most. But Google’s public and open espousal of such a simple and powerful principle as “Don’t be evil” leaves them open to criticism. It makes them accountable for their actions to more than just the shareholders in an important way.
Notes
[^1]: Google+ is a notable exception to this list. Google hasn’t said much about it, but my working theory is that, after the disastrous failures of both Wave and Buzz, their plan with Google+ is to try to offer a solid, compelling user experience first to gain significant adoption, and only then start to open up the technology for people to start creating their own interoperable social networking services. I think some of its inexplicably draconian policies, on pseudonyms, for example, make sense from this perspective.
[^2]: Though, they do talk about it.
[^3]: This is the Android that Andy Rubin was referring to in his infamous tweet.
[^4]: Though Nokia did partner with Intel to create an open source mobile operating system called Meego, it never grew out of vaporware status.
[^5]: Though the ability to sell paid applications on the market is restricted on a country-by-country basis, with full access only slowly being rolled out.
[^6]: This means it takes time for third party mod developers to find the necessary exploits to get root access and bootloader access before they can install custom mods. While this often happens before the devices are even released, it also often takes weeks or months, and sometimes never happens at all. There’s been a push away from these restrictive policies, however. HTC recently released a bootloader unlocking tool that gives you full access to the hardware, though its use voids the device’s warranty.
[^7]: More here.